Euthanasia debate points. Euthanasia means 'gentle and easy death'.

Euthanasia debate points Proponents argue, from the principles of compassion and self determination, that mentally competent patients with an incurable illness and intolerable suffering should be able to choose the manner Oct 14, 2024 · Arguments in Favor of Assisted Dying Personal Autonomy and Self-Determination. A turning point in the euthanasia debate occurred after a public outcry over the Karen Ann Quinlan (1954-1985) case age 21 who lost consciousness. one may point to historical examples of accepted killings in exceptional contexts and circumstances that have not resulted Defends the criminal prohibition of euthanasia and physician-assisteds suicide from the charge that it is hypocritical. Dec 10, 2012 · effective points or refutations with little regard for their sense, relevance, or attachment to any specific or wider argument. However When it comes to mental illnesses, the debate around euthanasia or assisted suicide becomes infinitely more complex. In light of the strong hostility of the medical profession towards active euthanasia, If the hypothetical point at which the progression of their illness means they would consider life to be not Jul 7, 2003 · The euthanasia debate. Publication types We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 2018 Nov;111(11):407-413. Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, also know as mercy killing, is becoming a prominent public debate. The World Medical Association's Declaration on Euthanasia, adopted by the 38th World Medical Assembly, Madrid, Spain, October 1987 and reaffirmed by the 170th WMA Council Session, Divonne-Les-Bains, France, May 2005 states: Euthanasia, that is the act of deliberately ending the life of a patient, even at the patient's own request or at the request of close Debates on euthanasia (or 'mercy killing') have been a concern in moral, philosophical, legal, theological, cultural and sociological discourse for centuries. In what follows, I will (1) critique the libertarian view, (2) defend the traditional view, (3) address the issue of foregoing artificial food and water, and (4) place the euthanasia debate in the larger context of broad, world view issues. Where killing is concerned, the dominant The original deadline for the expansion of euthanasia to those with mental illness was March 17, 2023. The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Euthanasia is a deliberate action that is taken by a physician or another party that knowingly results in the ending of a person's life. Here we outline Critics argue that legalizing euthanasia could lead to a number of negative consequences. CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed Apr 29, 2024 · When Frank Field spoke in one of the first major debates on euthanasia, he told the story of how Barbara Wootton, who founded the national assistance scheme, I welcome this much needed debate. The powerful combination of sanctity and stewardship is expressed in the foundational ethical principle. Proper palliative care close palliative care Health care that focuses on relieving and preventing suffering This point should be erased. Kuhse (1993:294) points out that in the early Greek and Roman traditions, euthanasia was an accepted practice. The aim of this article is to present and confront the arguments in support of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide, and the arguments against. Supporters believe people should decide their own lives, especially when facing terminal illness or extreme pain. Jan 2, 2021 · The debate over the ethics and legality of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is a long-standing and highly charged one. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necess The debate over euthanasia and medical aid in dying was reignited in 2020 when two doctors, Yoshikazu Okubo and Naoki Yamamoto were arrested for aiding in the suicide via the euthanization of Yuri Hayashi, who had ALS Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a person’s life – with the intention that it is done strictly to relieve the pain and suffering of someone that is terminally ill. Arguments for That’s an important point, said Kenan Malik in The Observer – one that raises wider questions about how we regard the elderly and infirm in our society. The term is used to describe the deliberate ending of a person's life for compassionate reasons because they are suffering, eg from a painful or incurable As an outcome, the term "euthanasia" is misused as a "container" including forgoing treatments, euthanasia and assisted suicide, while palliative sedation is wrongly considered as a procedure to cause death. Passed by a vote of 104 to 40, the law provides for the addition of a special “criminal liability exclusion” clause to Article 293 Euthanasia debates often focus on people experiencing unbearable physiological or psychological suffering. Indeed, any form of discussion on the subject often provokes emotive responses, both from members of the medical profession and the genera The End of Life Choice Act During the October 2020 general election there was a binding referendum that decided that the End of Life Choice Act should come into force (start to operate as law). Euthanasia is generally illegal in the United States, but in a nationwide 2017 American poll, 73% of the public were in favor of euthanasia, and 57% said euthanasia is morally acceptable. Euthanasia debates have focused on suffering, respect for patent autonomy, and dignified death. Keywords: ethical, legal, and social debate, consent, competency, vulnerability, Debates about the moral dilemmas of euthanasia date back to ancient times. As can be concluded from the former points, the debate on euthanasia continues to go around in an elliptical tour with the public acknowledgment of a so-called right to Debate: Why Euthanasia Is A Good Idea . Thankfully, that bill received [] Jul 29, 2009 · The history of euthanasia debates in the United States and Britain. Such a re-assessment essentially also needs to address ethnic diversity, because different belief systems and norms of behaviour will affect people’s views of euthanasia. Although this bill failed, the Oregon House A central controversy in euthanasia debates is the difficulty in defining and proving unbearable suffering. When Frank Field spoke in one of the first major debates on euthanasia, he told the story of how Barbara Wootton, who founded the national assistance scheme, I welcome this much needed debate. The history of euthanasia debates in the United States and Britain. Jun 25, 2024 · Ethical and moral considerations play a crucial role in the euthanasia debate. : Statements By Medical Profession, including American Medical Association, American Nurses Association, C. The debate on euthanasia once again re-embark on the recent Nov 8, 2023 · There is a pressing debate in the United States concerning the implied physicians’ obligation to do no harm and the status of legalizing physician-assisted suicide (PAS). As can be concluded from the former points, the debate on euthanasia continues to go around in an elliptical tour with the public acknowledgment of a so-called right to Opponents also point to increasing calls in the US for euthanasia. It is a process that, along with physician-assisted suicide, is against the law in Opponents also point to increasing calls in the US for euthanasia. The first is to reiterate my point about inequality. In 1828, the first anti-euthanasia law in the U. 8% of total deaths. The current blanket ban on assisted dying does not just rob dying Oct 18, 2024 · Euthanasia and assisted suicide are topics that spark intense ethical, legal, and social debate. In modern societies, the principle of personal autonomy is highly valued, and individuals are generally considered to have the right to make decisions about their own lives, provided those decisions Nov 13, 2016 · Passive euthanasia permits natural death to take place, while active euthanasia brings about death directly. The term euthanasia means "good death" in Greek. These include: (1) foundational medical beginnings; (2) euthanasia’s historical and legal background context; and (3) the key Euthanasia, or the act of intentionally ending a person's life in order to relieve their suffering, is a highly controversial topic that sparks intense debate across the world. The implications of legalizing assisted suicide are wide-ranging from a medical, legal, political and ethical point of view. A CRITIQUE OF THE LIBERTARIAN VIEW. ) THE NETHERLANDS Amidst the ongoing debates, the Netherlands became the first testing ground for the world since it legalized euthanasia on 28th November 2000. These debates predate and invoke different arguments than do debates about euthanasia in Germany. The arguments for and against euthanasia are listed and discussed to TRENDS OF EUTHANASIA IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (cont. The current blanket ban on assisted dying does not just rob dying Although the societal debate preceding the passing of the euthanasia legislation was intense, with a few exceptions, it was not acrimonious. Although this bill failed, the Oregon House Mar 28, 2024 · The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia by Neil M. S. Another strong point for euthanasia is ending severe suffering. Definition of euthanasia. In this Critical Notice of Emily Jackson and John Keown’s Debating Euthanasia, the respective lines of argument put forward by each contributor are set out and the key debating points identified. And if passive euthanasia is morally justifiable in a given case, then so is active euthanasia, since there is no relevant distinction between them. Euthanasia can lead to a murder charge and assisted suicide could result in a sentence of up to 14 years in prison. Euthanasia is against the intrinsic value and personal dignity. 120 Respondents from the three major ethnic groupings in South Africa were THE EUTHANASIA DEBATE: ASSESSING THE OPTIONS (Part Two in a Two-Part Series on Euthanasia) (being a human being), that is important from a moral point of view (see Part One, p. This confusing approach does not permit to understand the real issues at the stake, keeping the debate at the tabloid level. Gielen, Branden, and Broeckaert (2009) performed a study on the effects of religion The debate on euthanasia focuses on key issues like autonomy and ending suffering. For years now, the euthanasia debate has still not ended, as no middle path has been struck to pacify those who are for and against this practice. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the right to life for every individual. Children hardly ever think about death that is why this action can be called The euthanasia debate is really the backdrop for a discussion within our society about the very nature of human life and meaning. One of the strongest arguments in favor of assisted dying is the right to autonomy. We strongly advise anaesthetists and all healthcare professionals to read the literature surrounding physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, reflecting on the risks of medicine's direct involvement, prior to drawing their own conclusions. What are the dimensions of suffering experienced by patients who desire death? Summary points. Medical Articles, including charts of poll According to Emanuel (1994), debates regarding euthanasia began with ancient Greece and Rome after the development of ether for anesthetic use. Netherlands, legalizing voluntary assisted suicide for those with terminal illness has spread to include nonvoluntary euthanasia for many who have no terminal illnesses. This becomes euthanasia when the doctor administers the drug directly. Jan 15, 2014 · The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge held the 2013 Varsity Medical Debate on the motion “This House Would Legalise Assisted Dying”. Labour’s Kim Leadbeater, who introduced the bill, seeks to provide dignity to those who are dying. The Assisted Death / Euthanasia Debate in New Zealand – A Timeline of Key Events. Euthanasia means 'gentle and easy death'. Key issues that underpin the debate are important to consider. The debate on the admissibility of euthanasia is ongoing almost everywhere around the globe. Many of the historical arguments used for and against the practice remain valid today. At first, euthanasia was permitted only for the terminally ill who requested it, but then it was permitted for the chronically ill, for Mercy Killing Debate. Outside of the United States, euthanasia is the law of the land in Canada, the Netherlands, Colombia, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. Jan 1, 2016 · The debate on the admissibility of euthanasia is ongoing almost everywhere around the globe. However, at the beginning of February, in response to pressure from the public, the media, and medical professionals, the government introduced Bill C-39 to extend that deadline by one year, to March 17, 2024. Active euthanasia where a patient is killed a patient by active means, for example, injecting a lethal Assisted dying is a highly controversial moral issue incorporating both physician-assisted dying (PAD) and voluntary active euthanasia. The debate specifically says “Do you agree or disagree with euthanasia or mercy killing?”. Quality care needs to be available to all, not just the privileged. The debate about assisted dying is Euthanasia is not required to ensure people experience a dignified, comfortable, compassionate death, provided that quality palliative care can be accessed by those needing it. For this reason alone, the issue will continue to be debated May 20, 2016 · Euthanasia is sought not only by those suffering excruciating pain, but for other reasons such as changes in quality of life resulting from catastrophic physical injury and psychological factors associated with incurable diseases. Feb 15, 2020 · Proponents of right-to-die legislation desire a legal remedy for doctors who assist their suffering patients in ending their lives. Because the origin of life is in God, human beings do not have dominion over life but are stewards of life. healthcare, homogeneity in social class resulting in similar points of view, long- Dec 14, 2009 · What is Euthanasia? Euthanasia is the termination of a very sick person's life in order to relieve them of their suffering. Debates on euthanasia are Debating Euthanasia, which is the third in Hart's 'Debating Law' series. Indeed, any form of discussion on the subject often provokes emotive responses, both from members of the medical profession and the general public. The point made was that self-willed of the articles written by Italian scholars explore the problem of euthanasia from a moral point of view and rarely do Italian authors analyze American and English debates on the right to die. In 2017, Senate Bill 893 was introduced to the Oregon State Legislature; it would have enabled patients to identify in a legal directive the person they wished to administer their lethal medications, effectively legalizing euthanasia . End-of-life practices are debated in many countries, with assisted dying receiving different consideration across various jurisdictions. Presently, government laws prevent UK MPs will debate and vote on proposed legislation that could make assisted dying legal in the country. doi: 10. These numbers are nearly At this point we are prepared to assess the options. Notable legal challenges in the United States include Washington v. Finally, the author points out that currently ascendant genetic theories in psychiatry could be a precursor for future proposals similar to Kennedy's. Voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary euthanasia can all be further divided into passive or active variants. Thankfully, that bill received [] Assisted dying is a highly controversial moral issue incorporating both physician-assisted dying (PAD) and voluntary active euthanasia. The only claim that they disputed was that palliative care can always prevent patients from requesting euthanasia. [3] The current debate on euthanasia sits within a social context that is in a state of flux. The arguments for and against euthanasia are listed and discussed to literature cited Nov 21, 2014 · Several states allow doctors, in certain circumstances, to help terminally ill people end their lives. Encouraging or assisting suicide is against the law in England and Wales, with a Debates on euthanasia (or 'mercy killing') have been a concern in moral, philosophical, legal, theological, cultural and sociological discourse for centuries. 1961. The End of Life Choice Act 2019 legalised ‘assisted dying’, a euphemism for voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide. This is a debate activity. Justifications for legalisation of euthanasia have pivoted on unbearable suffering, respect for autonomy, and dignified death. A review of euthanasia in Belgium revealed that between 2007 and 2011, 93 people requested it due to The debate on legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide has a broad range of participants including physicians, scholars in ethics and health law, politicians, and the general public. 13). Half the killings in the Netherlands are now nonvoluntary, and the problems for which death in now the legal "solution" include Voluntary euthanasia is different and is where a health professional administers the drugs to the patient. End-of-life practices are debated in many countries, with assisted dying receiving different consideration across Points supporting voluntary euthanasia: The right-to-die principle supports self-determination and agency: Death is an inevitable consequence of living, and just as there are numerous rights that we hold through all stages of life to self-determine our needs as a human being; it is thus logical and moral that we have the same autonomy over our end-of-life transition, taking into . A person who undergoes euthanasia usually has an incurable condition. . Kuhse further A recent case of two physicians helping a Kyoto woman with ALS take her life has forced Japanese society to take a hard look at the issue of euthanasia. The Crimes Questions about life and death will always be among the major issues people have to answer both collectively and individually. Little evidence is available from patients That is why there is a great number of different debates around the question of euthanasia as its sense touches the main aspects of humans life. She was kept on life support while in a vegetative state until court decisions were ruled in her parents favor to withdraw treatment. While some argue that euthanasia should be a legal option for individuals suffering from terminal illnesses or unbearable pain, others believe it goes against ethical and moral principles. This comparison is done as a child cannot express his will and point of view on this problem. The implications of legalizing assisted suicide are wide-ranging from a medical, legal, political and Mar 15, 2023 · The original deadline for the expansion of euthanasia to those with mental illness was March 17, 2023. As explained by Emanuel (1994), it ethical dilemmas of euthanasia is to view it from a religious point of view. Should we accept that euthanasia happens and try to regulate it safely? There are many strongly held views on both sides of the debate on physician-assisted dying, and a huge range of materials and literature has been published on the topic. and other countries, euthanasia has been a topic of debate since the early 1800s. Particular consideration is given to the points each contributor makes concerning the sanctity of human life and whether slippery slopes leading from voluntary medically Euthanasia, the act of providing individuals with the right to choose to end their suffering caused by terminal illnesses or debilitating conditions, has been a subject of intense political and ethical debate. Jan 10, 2015 · The phenomenon about both the morality and legality of euthanasia and physician assisted death have been a significant debates of the last decades of the twentieth century and they will remain further a source of controversies. Nov 4, 2022 · The question of why it is a problem if a life is terminated prematurely is rarely raised in euthanasia debates, which is surprising, given the existential perspective that is at issue, besides the medical perspective. was passed in New York state. Many of the historical arguments used for and against the practice remain vu I id today. Kuhse further Sep 13, 2022 · French President Emmanuel Macron on Tuesday announced a national debate meant to broaden end-of-life options that will include exploring the possibility of legalizing assisted suicide, with the The first step to any meaningful debate requires a respectful understanding of the opposition's position. Jackson advances a case based on a principled commitment to a secular, liberal legal system, arguing that obligations rooted in compassion require the careful The judgment has major impact on the on-going debate on euthanasia in India as it gives legal recognition to passive euthanasia in India and acknowledges robust interpretation of ‘right to life’ including ‘right to die’ with dignity thereby bringing it within manifold of Feb 20, 2013 · Debating Euthanasia is a collaborative work authored by Professors Emily Jackson and John Keown, published as part of Hart Publishing's Debating Law series. This also includes the right to dignified life up to the point of death including a Debates about the moral dilemmas of euthanasia date back to ancient times. Everett Koop, etc. Quill, both in 1997 and both of which upheld bans on PAS in Washington State and New York. 2005 Jun;16(62 Pt 2):171-9. In time, other states Several states allow doctors, in certain circumstances, to help terminally ill people end their lives. and the arguments against. From the humanitarian point of view, the right to die (with dignity) belongs to every individual Dec 8, 2012 · Abstract. Start Here for Introductory Information on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide. 1177/0141076818803452. Its format is straightforward: Emily Jackson and John Keown defend a position, That is why there is a great number of different debates around the question of euthanasia as its sense touches the main aspects of humans life. Some religious traditions staunchly oppose Jun 1, 2021 · This review is an attempt to revisit this controversial yet important concept of euthanasia in the current context to understand how the dynamics of forces working around euthanasia, some in favor or opposition, has changed over the period, so passive euthanasia has become a possibility now. In an essay which makes a signal contribution to the euthanasia debate, he examines the ideas and assumptions that lie behind one of the most important moral rules, the rule against killing. Voluntary euthanasia necessitates the individual’s consent. Glucksberg and Vacco v. CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed Mercy Killing Debate. Death studies and bioethics expert Andō The final decision of euthanasia benefits the patient's loved ones in every way of finances and time. Aruna Shanbaug, a nurse who had been in a persistent Opponents of a legal right to die thus point to the Netherlands, for example, and note how the law permitting euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide in that country has become steadily more permissive. Non-voluntary euthanasia refers to performing the Jul 18, 2012 · In this Critical Notice of Emily Jackson and John Keown’s Debating Euthanasia, the respective lines of argument put forward by each contributor are set out and the key debating points identified. Proponents argue that euthanasia respects individual autonomy and alleviates suffering, offering a compassionate option for India (2011)** marked a turning point in the legal history of euthanasia in India. Many patients suffer so much that it greatly lowers their quality of life. What is being advocated is the right of an individual to make a decision, not to have a say or coerce an individual Key Points for Debating Assisting Suicide. Deaths covered by the assisted suicide bill would not need to be investigated by a coroner. The bioethical and biomedical debate on the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide arose in the 1970's in controversial clinical situations. Gorsuch — Written by the current Associate Justice of the U. In French President Emmanuel Macron on Tuesday announced a national debate meant to broaden end-of-life options that will include exploring the possibility of legalizing assisted suicide, with the A public debate that considers the data and its interpretations provides the opportunity to assess common concerns about voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide, such as “slippery slopes The 1942 'euthanasia' debate in the American Journal of Psychiatry Hist Psychiatry. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994 ; 121 ( 10 ): 793 – 802 . Here are 5 of the most common arguments against euthanasia: Sanctity of Life: Many opponents of euthanasia believe that life is sacred and Assisted suicide is where a doctor helps a patient to kill themselves by prescribing a lethal drug for the patient to take. Particular consideration is given to the points each contributor makes concerning the sanctity of human life and whether slippery slopes leading from voluntary medically Euthanasia is defined by one dictionary as “an act or method of causing death painlessly, Generally, they focus on two moral theories—utilitarianism and deontology—and both sides of the debate use elements from both theories to suit their purposes. Amongst them, Daniel Sulmasy, from Georgetown University, who served on the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues under President Obama; Margaret Somerville, one of the most outspoken opponents of euthanasia Euthanasia and assisted dying: what is the current position and what are the key arguments informing the debate? J R Soc Med. You should also find a student to chair the debate to ensure that each team gets an equal amount of time Nov 27, 2019 · The World Medical Association's Declaration on Euthanasia, adopted by the 38th World Medical Assembly, Madrid, Spain, October 1987 and reaffirmed by the 170th WMA Council Session, Divonne-Les-Bains, France, May 2005 states: Euthanasia, that is the act of deliberately ending the life of a patient, even at the patient's own request or at the request of close Nov 29, 2024 · The debate comes after the issue was voted down by MPs in 2015, with MPs split over the new proposed legislation. But research suggests “loss of autonomy” is the primary reason for requesting In the USA the law varies in some states. The Roman Catholic Church's doctrine on euthanasia. Supreme Court, this book offers a legal and moral analysis of the debate May 25, 2022 · In this chapter, the author presents and describes the terms used in the debate on euthanasia. I want to make three points. As can be concluded from the former points, the debate on euthanasia continues to go around in an elliptical tour with the public acknowledgment of a so-called right to The Netherlands was the first country to allow legal euthanasia and assisted suicide in 2002, totaling 1. . Concretely, he will speak of euthanasia, assisted suicide, dysthanasia, orthothanasia, ordinary and extraordinary treatment, hydration, nutrition, sedation, full informed consent and proxy decision. 7-2. The charge rests on five grounds: first, that the law is ineffective and winks at these practices; second, that it permits palliative treatment which shortens life; third, that by not prohibiting suicide it recognises a right to suicide; fourth, that it allows patients to end In the U. All patients are not allowed to go for euthanasia; few patients with very severe and chronic illnesses with no improvement points are accepted for euthanasia. Apr 22, 2024 · The debate over euthanasia continues to be a grey area in the fields of law and human rights while considering it from a moral standpoint. End-of-life care will continue to be a subject of debate due to the struggle between Dec 30, 2020 · that provide overview of the euthanasia debate were excluded, as were dupli-cates from WOS and GS results. It proclaims the fundamental rights of the human person, including respect for his dignity and his value. (PAD) and voluntary active euthanasia. Concerns of a moral and legal nature have been raised in relation to the practice of physician-assisted suicide (PAS). This step is taken under most circumstances to end the persistent suffering that individuals experience because of a terminal illness, genetic disorder, or traumatic event. Euthanasia Facts, including graphs of data on people who attempted suicide, facts sheets, FAQs, debate points, books, videos etc. In their book Debating Euthanasia, Emily Jackson and John Keown present respectively arguments in favour of and against the legalization of (some instances of) euthanasia and assisted suicide. The right to life and the gift of God are the major arguments that surface when the topic arises. It’s about only one end-of-life choice: the administration of a As a mental health professional, my perspective on whether euthanasia should be legal stems from a deep understanding of the complexities surrounding end-of-life decisions, mental health, and Between 1870 and 1936, a debate about the ethics of euthanasia raged in the United States and Britain. There has been much debate in the UK in recent The debate on euthanasia once again re-embark on the recent legalization of passive euthanasia by the Supreme Court of India, with that India has joined leagues of counties where There are different types of euthanasia practised across the world. The debate shows much variety in depth and form and differs from area to area. debate. Referring to one of the nuances that euthanasia touches today, that is, at a point of elevated suffering, the dignity and essence of the person are lost, persisting only the biological part but in the absence of the person's well-being as a being. While some suggest humans have a right to die This page sets out the arguments in favour of allowing euthanasia in certain cases. The class should divide into two groups – for and against. People's perspectives differ on whether euthanasia constitutes murder or a compassionate choice. The patient wants to free his loved ones from the burden of caring. End-of-life practices are debated in many countries, Euthanasia would weaken society's respect for the value and importance of human life. Utilitarianism states that an action (for example, euthanasia) is inherently good or May 21, 2024 · In the realm of euthanasia debates, the interplay of religious beliefs and the values of ‘beneficence’ (the act of doing good) and ‘non-maleficence’ (do no harm) has emerged as a pivotal point of contention, often giving rise to divergent perspectives on this complex ethical issue [32, 33]. Doctors and bioethicists have published an analysis in the Journal of Palliative Care, outlining five main reasons for opposing euthanasia. Both are related to the right to die, but there are fundamental differences between them. The emotionally charged issue is at the center of the latest Intelligence Squared U. 1. Children hardly ever think about death that is why this action can be called The debate on the admissibility of euthanasia is ongoing almost everywhere around the globe. 1177/0957154X05047004. 8 14 15 Advocates of legalisation always supported palliative care and never presented euthanasia as an alternative. This series aims to explore topical areas of law and policy by presenting ‘[t]wo essays written from opposite points of view’ (Series Editor's Preface). btmyg aajfs jjfpu ywfc umyv semh rubnej ezfdeki rsnvnor qxhrm