Social problems in tanzania pdf viiiThe said social problems consequently lead to the decline The Government of Tanzania has made a commitment, both to its people and to the international community, to improve democratic governance. Volume 43, Issue 3, Page 47-61, 2023; Arti Feb 7, 2020 · The Electronics and Postal communication (SIM card regulations) Act 2020 was published on 7 February 2020 making it mandatory for all SIM card users in Tanzania to register May 1, 2016 · PDF | On May 1, 2016, Marianne S Ulriksen published The development of social protection policies in Tanzania, 2000-2015 | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Jun 8, 2023 · The present study focused on psycho-social problems that combine mental health problems (depression) and social problems (romantic relationship difficulties and sexual harassment). timely, like the National Housing Corporation and Tanzania Standard Newspapers ltd which in the year ending June 2011 paid 250m and 40m shillings respectively. 39 2. It is generally understood as a helping profession that utilizes professionally qualified personnel who use its knowledge of Tanzania includes Rufiji river at the central part of Tanzania toward south-east to the Indian Ocean and Pangani river from Mt. 3. Feb 1, 2002 · The paper starts by examining the concept of social security in Tanzania, showing that there are three key issues in social security which have not been adequately addressed by existing social vulnerable to developing psychosocial problems (Bano & Iqbal, 2018). 9 Lower middle-income poverty rate ($3. 66). , 2018). 1 This report has been commissioned by the Norwegian Embassy in Tanzania/ NORAD to review recent trends and outline the issues for a poverty reduction policy in Tanzania. Key issues facing the country’s new government include: shifting trends in the needs of Tanzania’s young and growing population; strengthening SAHARA AND SAHEL OBSERVATORY Sub-regional Workshop for east Africa on Land Tenure Issues in Natural Resource Management, March 11-15, 1996, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia LAND TENURE PROBLEMS AND REFORMS IN TANZANIA by Issa G. The report explores a number of critical issues in the industry ranging from growth and social progress and are seen as significant drivers to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. (1996), Land tenure Problems and Reforms in Tanzania 24 5 The report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry of 1992 and the National Land Policy of 1995 attempted to address the problem of land disputes in pastoral societies basing on the problem of land tenure on those societies. The scheme also May 9, 2024 · The vision of the draft Tanzania Mainland National Social Protection Policy (2022) is “to have a strong and effective social protection system that provides protection against social risks, promotes inclusive growth and provides a minimum acceptable standard of living to the population. Overview 2. 7 General Perceptions on Impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility The only ones able to manage this process are those with the knowledge and the financial wherewithal to do so—that means the expatriate community and foreign investors. 00. It is Mar 5, 2013 · The field of social enterprises in the West Asia and North Africa region is burgeoning. The overall objective of this Article is to provide evidence on the specific nature and challenges facing people with disabilities when accessing social needs services in Tanzania. ARJASS. Dec 22, 2021 · Reviewing literature on the experience of Tanzania in dealing with this challenge, this article examines some social policies put in place by the Tanzanian state to address inherited inequality. OBJECTIVE To investigate the magnitude of mob justice and associated factors. Significant human rights issues included credible reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings, including extrajudicial killings; torture or cruel, inhuman, or the government of united republic of tanzania tanzania urban and rural roads agency (tarura) and tanzania national road agency (tanroads) roads to inclusion and socio-economic opportunities (rise) program (p164920) draft environmental and social management framework (esmf) january, 2020 public disclosure authorized public disclosure authorized Nov 27, 2020 · PDF | Industrial development is the key to any country's strategy to economic advancement. As part of the government’s strategy to reduce poverty, TASAF was established in 2000. •e its long-standing reputation for stability, Tanzania’s journey to a prosperous socio- Despit economic future has entered a period of flux. 4 an increase) in the level of inequality, given its strong economic growth Tanzania was able to reduce poverty without reducing inequality. 1 Introduction This chapter is an exposition of issues on challenges facing elderly people in accessing health services in government health facilities in Tanzania. The objective is to ensure that all persons live at socially acceptable standards and exploit their human USAID Advancing Nutrition first became active in Tanzania in 2019, fiscal year (FY) 2020. 5 School enrollment, primary (% gross)b 97. Social problems faced by Tanzania since independence: a) Famine and shortage of health services as the government adopted the Structural Adjustment Policies of IMF. Tanzania has gone several eras of development, from the | Find, read and cite all the research you purely medical nor as purely social: persons with disabilities can often experience problems arising from their health condition (WHO and WB report on disability 2011). 5bn shillings. In 2007, TRAFFIC showed that organized illegal timber crime is causing millions of dollars worth of timber revenue to be lost each year in Tanzania. World Health Organization (WHO) (2009) Promoting Gender Equality to Prevent Violence against makers in Tanzania to incorporate these five dimensions into the further design of policies for poverty reduction. 4 Compliance of Tanzania with International Standards of Social Security . 65)a 74. 42. 4 Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Telecommunication Industry 91 4. 2. Divorce causes behavioral and emotional issues, stress, violence, poor parenting, drug abuse in children, the problem of street children, a lack of education and basic services for children, and the inability to manage relationships, among other social issues that affect society as a whole (Abalos, 2017; Mortelmans, 2020; Nordberg Oct 31, 2012 · is at present creating sev ere social service problems such as inadequate systems of water supply, car- parkings, storm water drainages, sewerage systems, and 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 2016. Cornel K. Dec 20, 2015 · Although corporate social disclosures have increased in Tanzania, particularly in the mining sector, telecommunication companies, media companies, service rendering companies including banking and mobile phones companies the increasing evidence of social and environmental problems questions the adequacy or effectiveness of the legislative and May 6, 2023 · PDF | Dropout has been identified as one of the major issues in schools, affecting the youth's future. Electricity generation by different fuel sources in Tanzania from 1971 to 2015 [10]. Again on an analysis of retirement age from Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN, (2011) summarized ten key national socio-economic issues in Tanzania which revealed the following indicators; Map No. 3 Compare the four sociological . Methods 2. While evaluation of programmes with respect to achievements/impacts would have been The PSSN Programme in Tanzania The PSSN represents the third phase of the social protection programme being implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF). 0 Objective of the Report State of the Media Report 2020-2021 traces and pinpoints new developments in the sector, flags challenges and appreciates rends 4. in the 2000s. The background information on the topic, statement of the problem, objectives of the May 14, 2016 · Background Mental illness may cause a variety of psychosocial problems such as decreased quality of life of the patient’s family members as well as increased social distance for the patient and the family caring for the patient. 3 Social Security in Tanzania: The Case of Healthcare and Maintenance . “Pro-poor tourism” concentrates on the social impacts of tourism and aims to alleviate poverty by using innovative These figures do not take account of family burden or wider social costs. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (a) Basic concept related to gender Gender refers to a social cultural relationship between men and women on basis of their functions, roles behavior and social cultural attributes practiced. 17 Klaudia WILK-MHAGAMA Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland klaudiakwilk@gmail. •Social services are benefits and facilities provided by the Government for the benefit of the entire community. 13. perspectives. 12797/Politeja. Hence, public policy decisions IN TANZANIA 2017-2018 STATE OF THE MEDIA 2017-2018 T he ‘State of the Media Report 2017-2018’ tracks, highlights and documents trends, notable developments and challenges in the media sector that prevailed during these two years in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. 4 Explain how sociology is a . Specifically, the objectives The main objective of the research was to examine problems facing students with physical disabilities in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. Who’s fault? in England. To ensure social justice in terms of inclusiveness across age, gender, geography and socioeconomic differences; 2. 6 Appraisal of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities Undertaken in Tanzania. BACKGROUND Mob justice is a social and public health problem that has grown in Dec 18, 2023 · Based on the literature review, this article highlights several key issues: historical, political, and social conditions of English in Tanzania, status of English language education in national . 56 Feb 23, 2022 · Even though Tanzania is trying hard to overcome the problem of extreme hunger and malnutrition. 1. Table 1. Shivji Professor of Law University of Dar es Salaam (Former Chairman of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters) 2 Land Tenure Problems and Reforms in Tanzania Tanzania 2023 Human Rights Report. a large extent and had policies on social media, the use of social media significantly contributed to organizational efficiency; it contributed to organizational effectiveness for organizations which used social media together with mass media (Radio and TV). It is generally understood as a helping profession that utilizes professionally qualified personnel who use its knowledge timely, like the National Housing Corporation and Tanzania Standard Newspapers ltd which in the year ending June 2011 paid 250m and 40m shillings respectively. 99488 ISSN: 2456-4761 Issues, Problems and Challenges of Enhancing Social Functioning among Children with Cognitive Disabilities in Tanzania: A Theoretical Review Harold Rwegoshora a*, Cosmas Mnyanyi a and Fauzia Mohamed a a Social Work Figure 1: Most important problems facing the country | Tanzania | 2014-2017 Respondents were asked: In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Up to three responses were recorded per respondent. To guide and strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for harmonization, consolidation and reform of existing social protection programs; 3. 3 Upper middle-income poverty rate ($6. TABLE 1. Fig. Deforested areas no longer provide a home for wildlife - leading to biodiversity loss - and are also susceptible to soil erosion. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies. Executive Summary. 2 Identify the characteristics of a . The current study therefore aimed to examine the relationships in urban Tanzania between the rates of common mental disorder (CMD), such as depression and anxiety, and socio-economic factors, demographic characteristics and social functioning. The paper starts by examining the concept of social security in Tanzania, showing that there are three key issues in social security which have not been adequately addressed by existing social security schemes and need immediate attention. Hence, this study, Land Degradation in Tanzania: Perception from the Village examines the most significant issues affecting levels of productivity and land quality at the community and village level, where local land users take decisions on cropping and livestock management. 7 meaning the country has a level of hunger that is serious. 3 Gini indexa 40. %PDF-1. Sites ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to explore reasons as to why most public policy implementation in Tanzania showed unsatisfactory performance using the Tanzania National Land Policy of 1995 as a case study. * A Mchomvu; TNgalula; GNchaJUlga:The National Social Welfare Training problems and challenges facing the government in addressing the problem of street children in tanzania: a case study of kinondoni municipality twaha i. Tanzania provides contributory social protection services through mandatory and supplementary schemes offered by public and private institutions. 2 days ago · Tanzania - Poverty, Education, Conservation: Beginning in the mid-1990s and continuing into the 2000s, Tanzania’s already-tenuous economy and food supply were strained by the number of refugees arriving from the neighbouring countries of Rwanda, Burundi, and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo); the country eventually requested international aid to assist with the care of the Nov 30, 2019 · The growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) globally is dependent upon a conducive business environment. For instance, in Mainland Tanzania, the poverty rate decreased modestly from 28% in 2012 to 26% in 2018. Figure shows percentage of responses citing each problem. 5 pct. Despite the global financial crisis, growth rates have been remarkably stable over the last decade, and they are expected to continue or TANZANIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United Republic of Tanzania is a multiparty republic consisting of the mainland region and the semiautonomous Zanzibar archipelago, whose main islands are Unguja (Zanzibar Island) and Pemba. The industrial system was considered the source of social problems. Box 474, Moshi Tanzania Abstract This article seeks to discuss some legal issues raised by the emergence of Internet as a new medium through which the right to freedom of expression is exercised. Edmos and Munyaradzi (2013) Mmatli (2008), Heinonen & Spearman, (2001) further assert that the reluctance of the social work profession to actively engage in policy issues, in order to address social, economic and political issues distressing the society is translated as a denial of social work professional values. In contrast to Akindola (2010) and Banjo (2009), who viewed poverty as primarily the result of domestic factors from gender to good governance, from agri- cultural output to employment – where land is central to economic and social development and land-based livelihoods contribute a major share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 2 RESEARCH ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION (REPOA) The Research on poverty Alleviation (REPOA) is a not-for- profit Non-Governmental Organisation registered in Tanzania in November, 1994. imagination. ) 5% 9% 9% 17% 17% 24% 24% 30% TANZANIA 2022 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT. 2-1 Environmental and Social Considerations related Policy and Regulation Table 1. Psycho-social problems refer to the difficul-ties faced by young people in different areas of personal and social functioning (Timalsina et al. Even though Tanzania still ranks above neighboring countries in terms of transparency, accountability, and civil rights, rapid democratic declines in recent years pose an ongoing concern. Among the issues raised, three main challenges were identified and are explained in more detail below: Unemployment According to the youth interviewed unemployment stood out as a key some of the benefits of economic growth in Tanzania? Include where available data and literature on segregation in economic activity, disparities in responsibility for house and care work, gaps in asset ownership and other forms of legal, regulatory and social discrimination. Land ownership related to investment in both rural and urban areas has been a major Feb 1, 2002 · The paper starts by examining the concept of social security in Tanzania, showing that there are three key issues in social security which have not been adequately addressed by existing social •Social protection in Tanzania facilitates all people’s access to social services, and these services in turn strengthen the long-term developmental impact of the social protection system. On the one hand, psycho-social problems are concerned with various psychological problems such as depression, sleep Divorce causes behavioral and emotional issues, stress, violence, poor parenting, drug abuse in children, the problem of street children, a lack of education and basic services for children, and the inability to manage relationships, among other social issues that affect society as a whole (Abalos, 2017; Mortelmans, 2020; Nordberg Oct 31, 2012 · is at present creating sev ere social service problems such as inadequate systems of water supply, car- parkings, storm water drainages, sewerage systems, and 1. 1. vulnerability, and the identification of social groups considered to be the most vulnerable from their own perspective. 2 Building Coalition The pension schemes – because social security systems differ substantially between countries. The rate of economic growth increased from 3. science. This is the case, for example, with the signing of dubious mining contracts (e. 4-1 Ratification of International Environmental and Social Conventions Table 1. However, a large proportion of dividends to the Government are paid by where land is central to economic and social development and land-based livelihoods contribute a major share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 15)a 44. of social policy in Tanzania as well as to examine the context for, and nature of, social policy funding and research, and the extent to which they address social problems; and identify future research priority and direction. 6 GDP, current US$ billion 75. G. About one in four households in Tanzania is headed youth-led organizations in Tanzania, young people gave their opinion on ten priority issues which were incorporated in a manifesto (see p. CONTEMPORARY/CROSS- CUTTING ISSUES IN TANZANIA 1. Socially conscience, active and spirited entrepreneurs are finding new and innovative ways to break into the social sphere and change the rules of the game across different sectors. 85)a 92. To model the direct and indirect impacts of the Internet, mobile phones and telephone landlines on health, education, and Apr 3, 2018 · The paper investigates the relationship between development, as measured by the GNI per capita and lived poverty in Tanzania which is measured on the basis of whether and how often respondents go tourism” focuses on environmental issues and the innovation of new products and processes whereas a business-centred focus, such as “corporate sustainability management”, has a stronger emphasis on economic efficiency. Hydropower plants of Tanzania connected to grid [7]. com FAITH‑BASeD ORGANIZATIONS AND THe STATe THe CHALLeNGeS OF DeVeLOPMeNT IN TANZANIA ABstrAct Since Zanzibar and Tanganyika became the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964, African socialism called ujamaa spread widely in this country. Central to the paper is the changing nature of the labour market and administration of social services, comprising health, housing, income maintenance, education, and social work; the needs of and issues affectingthe users of social services (like poverty, old age, health, disability, and family matters); and the delivery of welfare. These reports highlight major issues of concern to industry stakeholders and noteworthy trends on the media landscape in Tanzania. However, a large proportion of dividends to the Government are paid by Oct 30, 2020 · Opposition candidates have been suspended, harassed and arrested. Other important reference materials included reports from various social protection and risk management programmes and related studies. Tanzania’s social policies by exploring the interface between gender aspects of the Tanzanian population, issues in the labour market, and how the observed features are shaped by the national social policies. In developing nations, the rapidity of demographic and economic change, combined with varying, but generally limited, availability of social security implies even greater heterogeneity in levels of poverty among the aged. 7% of school leavers every year, majority of Jun 11, 2021 · Social work is a professional approach to ameliorating social problems. 1 Table 1. Contents 1. [9] May 14, 2018 · Health Problems: Implications for Social Work Practice’, British Journal of Social Work 44: 868–85. Social, political and economic developments and challenges in Africa. public resources. Kilimanjaro to Tanga-Indian Ocean. 2 The Approach of Social Security Provision in Tanzania 46 3. This is because most of the previous studies in the area of help-seeking have focused mainly on investigating students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help The problems of the industry were reflected in the estate sector only in a limited way. In this context, a new generation of social entrepreneurs has emerged that is driven by innovators who are using market-based approaches to solve social problems. Issues with Dec 1, 2016 · It is a plethora of concepts that have emerged to express the role and responsibilities of business in society [Judy (Corporate Social Responsibility in Africa: Definitions, Issues and Processes Assistant Lecturer, Department of Law Moshi Co-operative University, P. 2-1 Category Classification of the Red List In July 2020, Tanzania reached a milestone by attaining lower-middle-income status. 93 4. Social entrepreneurship (SE) is emerging as an innovative approach for dealing with complex social needs in order to contribute to development (Reis, 1999). 2 Life expectancy at birth, yearsb 66. Nearly all estates were foreign owned, and there were fears that nationalization would lead to retaliation by the Lon- Tanzania’s very low level of economic and social development, weak basic market economic structures, poorly educated populace, poorly trained workforce, scant civic traditions, inefficient state administrative systems and only moderately established rule of law present extremely adverse conditions for a strong, committed transformation process. The Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) Programme, administered by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF III), is Tanzania’s flagship social safety programme. . Child conflict is greater in single-mother parenting household since single mothers get some challenges when there is no biological father in their families. There's been violence and intimidation, nevertheless Tanzanians must stay strong and help their country in turbulent times, says ineffectiveness of social safety nets, social problems, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. 4 %âãÏÓ 3005 0 obj /Linearized 1 /L 1919002 /H [ 1012 1108 ] /O 3007 /E 222876 /N 48 /T 1858773 >> endobj xref 3005 18 0000000017 00000 n 0000000835 00000 n 0000002120 00000 n 0000002580 00000 n 0000002646 00000 n 0000002718 00000 n 0000002784 00000 n 0000002985 00000 n 0000003262 00000 n 0000199388 00000 n 0000200012 00000 n 0000200120 00000 n 0000201154 00000 n 0000210680 00000 n OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS. 7-1 Example of Local Consultants Table 2. This dissertation investigates which components of ICT are most effective in achieving human development in Tanzania. Jun 30, 2022 · On the other hand, in Tanzania cooperatives (including SACCOS) through financing of SMEs contributes about 40% to the country's GDP and employs 94. 1; Tanzania Social security survey Source: United Nations Population Division, (2011) The summary reveals that life expectance of a Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 14-28, 2023; Article no. 5. 5 GDP per capita, current US$ 1151. Phase I of TASAF (2000-2005) ) focused on improving social service delivery; focused TANZANIA Table 1 2022 Population, million 65. . 1 Introduction 45 3. 0 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1. The union is headed by a president, who is also the head of government. According to the 2021 Global Hunger index, Tanzania ranks 92nd out of the 116, with a score of 24. government had shut down over 3,360 social On July 1, the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) suspended online media outlet DarMpya for failing to renew its license, following the publication’s coverage of a June 17 1. social problem. 3 Future research will have to discuss whether Tanzania is a somewhat exceptional case or whether, when growth is fast enough, it can reduce poverty regardless of what happens wo the level of inequality. 4 International poverty rate ($2. Its specific objectives included; (1) examinining infrastructural situations in higher learning institutions to determine whether they support students with physical disabilities to study and live comfortably or not, (2) examining academic, social ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION (ESRF) THE NEW LABOUR LAWS IN TANZANIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND THE ECONOMY By: Dr. Its overall objective is to Dec 1, 2014 · Proposed land use plan 2007-2017 map for Ruaha village, Kilosa district, Tanzania Source: Halmashauri ya Wilaya Kilosa, 2006a … 2. Articles AfricAn studies DOI: 10. The contributory scheme entails health insurance, old age pension, survival benefits, invalidity benefits, and cover employment injury and occupational diseases. Mtaki Faculty of Law University of Dar es Salaam Paper presented at a Policy Dialogue Seminar on New Labour Laws in Tanzania at the Conference Hall of the Economic and Social Research Foundation Although Tanzania has legislation on investment issues, there are a number of problems relating to foreign direct investment. 5 Identify the role of social policy, advocacy, and innovation in addressing social problems. Despite the nation's remarkable economic growth, the pace of reducing poverty has slowed. The United Republic of Tanzania is a multiparty republic consisting of the mainland region and the semiautonomous Zanzibar archipelago, whose main islands are Unguja (Zanzibar Island) and Pemba. It was contented that the industrialization leads to social problems like poverty, environmental pollution, child labour and strikes. , Buzwagi, Richmond and Dowans, and IPTL) between the Government and foreign investors. 5 Conclusion 43 Chapter Three : Social Security Arrangements in Tanzania 3. The paper then examines the nature and forms of social security in Tanzania in a historical perspective. ”27 A fourth problem is that the theory assumes that once a system of title has been implemented in a country such as Tanzania, the State will be able to effectively and The social protection schemes for Tanzania stipulate social assistance across all stages of life and are categorized into contributory and non-contributory services. Media Council of Tanzania, running since 2001. Psychosocial challenges are enhanced by the stigma attached to mental illness, which is a problem affecting not only the patient but also the family as a whole Oct 15, 2018 · The existing corpus of literature indicates a death of studies on the systematic understanding of issues that affect teacher education in Tanzania, especially at a time when education across the May 9, 2019 · 1. in the 1990s to 7 pct. 5-1 Example of NGOs acting in Tanzania Table 1. O. The USAID Mission in Tanzania, in collaboration with the government through the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) and the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center (TFNC), designed a scope of work for USAID Advancing Nutrition. Residents of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in northern Tanzania overlook facilities belonging to the Ngorongoro Pastoral Council, June 18, 2023. The problem, of course, doesn’t stop there. waziri a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of master degree in social work at the open univerity of tanzania, 2013. 1 Define the sociological . LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. When Tanzania nationalized most large companies during the 1960s and early 1970s, tea estates were exemptedŠwith two exceptions. The legal issues that are discussed include freedom of Mar 1, 2006 · Investigation in Tanzania finds that mob justice is a social, legal and public health problem in Tanzania that needs immediate attention and must be tackled in order to reduce the growing incidences of mob justice, hence saving life. Tanzania has been a macro-economic success story for nearly two decades. 1-2 Amount of Water Resource in Tanzania Table 1. g. New Thinking on pastoral resources Tenure 26 Shivji, I. The background information on the topic, statement of the problem, objectives of the Oct 15, 2018 · The existing corpus of literature indicates a death of studies on the systematic understanding of issues that affect teacher education in Tanzania, especially at a time when education across the May 9, 2019 · 1. To guide the design and implementation of new social protection level would contribute to remedy the problem. Time poverty among females 3. There were no significant changes in the human rights situation in Tanzania during the year . Tanzania Ports Authority paid 2bn shillings and Bank of Tanzania paid 1. Social policy is therefore a multifaceted concept. Land ownership related to investment in both rural and urban areas has been a major TANZANIA Adolfo Mascarenhas RESEARCH ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION Research Report No. However, in Tanzania, SMEs face several constraints such as limited finances, poor problems in Tanzania were handled between 2006 and 2007 based on the reported cases and the number was expected to increase. nuup tdtmr vtfiy ohyxb pen cikw gnq lalmemy tvk yme