English language acquisition for adults. , 2010; Granena and Long, 2013; Han, 2013).

English language acquisition for adults Services offered to AELAS students include: Adult ESL classes; Parenting classes It is our goal in English Language Acquisition to teach children who are learning English as a second language the same way native speakers learn. kirsten Schaetzel and Sarah Young served as primary authors, pulling together the major research and The current study investigates the limited attainment of adult language acquisition in terms of an associative learning phenomenon whereby earlier learned cues attentionally block those that are experienced later. g. Overall, first and second language acquisition share some similarities when it comes to the process of learning. Adult language acquisition is a heavily studied subject, and research shows that adults have many advantages to learning a language. Plus, find out tips for squeezing language learning into your busy schedule! Nov 17, 2020 · This book examines the various ways in which age affects the process and the product of foreign language learning in a school setting. Our targeted approach for business English ensures your learning is focused and relevant. 2 Well-structured Lessons P1. Check out these 8 awesome language immersion programs for adults that you can take to give your fluency a huge boost, and help you in your work and personal life. This program also helps students acquire the communication, employment, and […] The ELP Standards for AE are intended to address the urgent need for educational equity, access, rigor for adult English language learners (ELLs). Phonology. ) language. In later part, the adult’s language acquisition is considered to be very powerful process. L. The median age of the study group was in the ’40s (range from 39 There is little research on adults who are learning . (Standards for Adult Education ESL Programs, TESOL, 2003. How do the principles of adult learning apply to adult English language learners? Malcolm Knowles' (1973) principles of andragogy, the art and science of facilitating adult learning, are still seminal to many of today's theories about learning and instruction for adults. We hear a lot about the benefits of learning a language as a child but much less about the unique strengths and advantages that adults bring to the language-learning table. Jun 13, 2018 · focusses on the early years of English L2 acquisition where children are 4;0-7;0 years old and have 1 to 3 years of exposure to English in preschool/school. Center for Adult English Language Acquisition (CAELA) Network Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC, April 2010 . citizens wanting to improve their English skills. Nov 21, 2023 · Language Acquisition is the process of learning and understanding a language by a child or adult. Spotlight: Valuing Diverse Cultural Assets in Adult Education. 1. Fundamental Principles of Effective Adult Language Education These principles are informed by research on adult learning and supported by the evidence base on reading skills development, instruction for adult English learners, and adult second language acquisition. Mar 24, 2015 · English language learners who are adults, including professionals with degrees and credentials in their native countries, that enables such adults to achieve competency in the English language and acquire the basic and English language acquisition include the following: • Provide materials in multiple languages to promote language access. (1999). Reflective Practice Study English at Douglas College, a leader in English as a Second Language (ESL) education for university and college students in Metro Vancouver. There is scattered research on the theoretical foundations of acquiring L1 and learning L2 (for example, Bhaskaran, 2012, Mendoza, 2011) that needs to be brought together for a comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. Q4. The English Language Acquisition for Adults program creates opportunities for all members of our community to expand their potential through learning and teaching the English language. Taking a multilingual approach to adult English language acquisition has cognitive, sociocultural, economic, and educational benefits for immigrants and refugees who participate in these activities, and for communities. Brain Plasticity and Memory Aug 5, 2023 · In our interconnected world, language learning is important for communication and cultural understanding. <p><b>Provides a thorough overview of </b><b>digital learning methods and their practical application in the modern language classroom</b></p> <p><i>English Language Learning in the Digital Age </i>is a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical background and real-world application of IDLE (Informal Digital Learning of English). Little research has been conducted on second language acquisition with English language learners in adult education difference between a child’s first language learning and an adult’s or an elementary school child’s second language learning is considerable. It also offers several tools that can be used in conjunction with the standards. We create a full emersion in the language with the use of technology from audiobooks to recordings to making videos and more. Program Offerings Getting Started Contact AEL By email: ael@eastcentral. The Saratoga Springs Public Library Literacy Service offers adults help with learning English as a new language, as well as Adult Basic Literacy: reading and writing skills for fluent English speakers. The present review summarizes some difficulties that second language learners may face to learn English. This paper, based on the plenary talk, draws on 10 years of research with over 300 early English L2 learners of various ages and first language (L1) backgrounds to show that these popular beliefs are myths. For Academic ELS, call (630) 942-2047 or email liberalarts@cod. We offer one-to-one tutoring as well as English Language Classes. S. English Language Acquisition Classes. 1 English Language Acquisition for Adults (ELAA) Beginning Level Curriculum Guide Level-Specific Considerations Principle Goals and Purposes: The Beginning level class incorporates elements of English structure, vocabulary and functions, and American culture focused on Maine DOE 23 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333-0023 Voice: (207) 624-6600 Fax: (207) 624-6700 TTY: 711 (Maine Relay 711) Language Assistance: (207) 624-6629. This article delves into the unique hurdles that adult… If you feel you do not require English language classes, you need to show proof of English proficiency by emailing ela@kirkwood. English Language Teaching and Teacher Training Promoting education and achievement of adults learning English Resources Fundamental Principles of Effective English Language Education. Learn English online using our high-quality resources to quickly improve your English. GS-35F-337BA-919990021F0017. Visit today and join the ELA Family! The overarching priorities for this research agenda are to (a) develop and evaluate effective instructional methods for diverse populations of English language learners; (b) develop adequate assessment methods; (c) identify or develop the technologies that can facilitate the learning of language and literacy skills for adult English language Oct 24, 2023 · Adult language learners, those aged 18 and above, enroll in English language courses with the goal of honing their linguistic abilities. The book is written for new teachers and covers topics such as the history of language teaching; cognitive, affective, and linguistic principles of language learning; designing and implementing classroom lessons; and assessing language skills. Learner motivation addresses integrative and Students develop language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) in the context of real-life situations. Enhancing English language development (Condelli et al. Jul 29, 2020 · Introduction. , 1996; DeKeyser, 2000; Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam, 2009; DeKeyser et al. 1 High Expectations C1. p. Adult English language learners in the United States approach the learning of English pronunciation from . These English lessons will show you how to say almost anything in daily English conversation. Effective instruction builds on adult learners’ existing assets. Second-language acquisition assumes knowledge in a first language and encompasses the process an individual goes through as he or she learns the elements of a new Programs for adults learning English vary widely in size and scope. This study significantly analyzes the non- traditional approach to aid adults in learning a second language. The focus of the group is to explore evidence-based educational services for literate and emergent literate adult English learners, share information and resources to Fundamental Principles of Effective Adult Language Education . Principle 1. Age andSecond Language Acquisitionin Adulthood: The Learning Experiences and Perceptions ofWomen Immigrants Wendy Wang Although considerable evidence indicates that age ofonset for second language acquisition is related to second-language proficiency outcomes among adult learnersJew studies have actually looked at how adult learners ofdifferent May 24, 2023 · This is an essay I wrote for English 1101 about how adults learn a second language back in 2018, I am sharing it here hoping you find this research-based information useful. Transform Language Learning into an Experience: Lingopie turns language learning into an immersive IV–60 Adult English Language Learners and Learning Disabilities adult ESL programs may be much lower. And when you add to this the systematic immersion of learning English as a FIRST language, you can increase your fluency and speak confidently, FAST! That’s why I created Fluent For Life – to help English Language Teaching and Teacher Training English language teaching needs to be given assurance on an acquisition of linguistic features, inter-language patterns which are emerging as a linguistic system mostly on the second language learner, the social and cultural identity impact on language learning, and intensity of exposure and Visit the Class Schedule and choose "SPRING/INTERSESSION 2025" as the term and "ELL English Language Learning" as the subject to view a full list of classes. SSPL English Language Learning classes are free. Disclaimer: The LINCS System is maintained under contract with CivicActions with funding from the U. The Academic ELS program provides English language instruction for students whose native language is not English. The staff of the Center for Adult English Language Acquisition (CAELA) Network project at CAL developed the paper. Spotlight: Using Multilingual Approaches to Support English Language Acquisition. Understanding the key differences in how kids and adults approach language learning can help you set realistic expectations and goals. Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the ability to comprehend and produce language, either as their first or second (third, etc. Programs and Initiatives . We can teach you English in a safe and welcoming environment. The author first reviews the research that makes problem-based learning, a teaching approach that stresses both cognitive and metacognitive aspects of learning, relevant for adult ESL students. The authors, using research, define these areas, note their importance, and provide limited practical suggestions on how to incorporate or support them in a classroom setting. English Language Acquisition for Adults (ELAA) Intermediate Level Curriculum Guide . 2 Student Ownership C1. Welcome to the LINCS Community English Language Acquisition group! The target audience for this group includes adult education practitioners, administrators, and policymakers. The Education for Adult English Language Learners in the United States: Trends, Research, and Promising Practiceswas developed by CAELA Network staff in cooperation with the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), U. The resource consists of eight sections and an excellent list of resources. Immersion remains a cornerstone of language acquisition. These skills also prepare students to pursue a high school diploma, college certificate or degree programs, and/or employment. However, first language acquisition seems more dependent on the age of the learner understanding of adult language acquisition and adult learning theory that informed this work. It is meant that adults can access the same natural language acquisition device that children use. Courses include: Teaching Adult English Learners: Principles and Practices (3. Another study was reported by Bellingham (2005) who described the progress of English learning of five adult Asian students that had migrated recently to New Zealand. ) To provide comprehensible input – language that is at the students’ level. LEVEL PLACEMENT New students are encouraged to take the assessment test to determine which classes are best for their current skill level. edu . 22) Assessment activities do take time and program resources. They provide valuable information about how second languages are learned and the factors that influence the language learning process. 2 English Language Acquisition* K1. They are enrolled in programs to learn to speak, read, and write in a new language. We make it easy for you to learn how to speak English fluently, whether you're a beginner or advanced learner. English (referred to in this paper as . A large number of studies in the L2 acquisition literature have demonstrated that adult learners often fail to acquire native-like competence in the second language (e. English Language Acquisition (ELA) is a language program designed for adults, 16 years and older, whose native language is not English. She then addresses four steps Educators and policymakers are similarly challenged by how best to help these adults acquire English literacy. As highlighted in the spotlight, multilingualism has wide-ranging benefits for adult MLEs. Adult ELA Classes English Language Learning Program provides interactive classroom instruction that incorporates all areas of language which are: speaking, listening About. We make it easy to form a habit of language learning with game-like features, fun challenges, and reminders from our friendly mascot, Duo the owl. Standards P2. Children learn language more easily than adults, though when and why this ability declines have been obscure for both empirical reasons (underpowered studies) and conceptual reasons (measuring the ultimate attainment of learners who started at different ages cannot by itself reveal changes in underlying learning ability). Both forms of Indicators K1. Contact Maine Department of Education Critical Thinking at all Levels of English Language Acquisition LINCS ESL Pro Module 2: Integrating Digital Literacy into Adult English Language Instruction The self-paced professional development module is designed for teachers and administrators interested in integrating digital literacy in their classes and programs for adult English Adult English Language Acquisition Services strives to provide non- and limited-English speaking adults with workplace literacy and life skills needed to become self-sufficient and productive members of the community. 1 Standards-based Units P1. 2. ESL Pro courses provide opportunities for teachers of adult English Language Learners to engage in learning activities that maximize student outcomes. Our findings The Maine Adult Education system provides English language acquisition programming designed to help English language learners achieve competence in reading, writing, speaking, and comprehension of the English language. The goal of the class is to provide adult learners with opportunities to gain knowledge of, and better control over, the environment that governs their daily lives while they are learning the language. Get started now with our speaking, vocabulary and grammar exercises. They may speak languages with sound systems that vary a great deal from that of English. Free bite-sized resources Sharpen your skills with a range of free games, stories, listening activities, and exercises on our LearnEnglish website. com) McKay, H. Free English Course An 18-week course (A1- A2 level) with… understanding of adult language acquisition and adult learning theory that informed this work. It presents studies that cover a wide range of topics, from There is limited research on the length of time it takes adults to acquire a second language (e. In section 5, the research reviewed focusses on long-term outcomes and includes older children, aged 8;0-10;0, and young adults, all of whom were early English L2 learners. Adults can seek opportunities to interact with native speakers, watch English-language films and television shows, and immerse themselves in English English Language Acquisition. Child Language Acquisition begins at birth. Students watch a scenario where professionals engage in a meeting, exposing them to industry-specific vocabulary and communication etiquette. Sep 6, 2023 · You're never too old for a great language immersion program. adult ELLs) and also acquiring basic literacy for the first time. Level-Specific Considerations . English Language Acquisition (E. Department of Education, CAELA accomplishes its mission through the following tasks: This spotlight explores the use of multilingual approaches for the purpose of supporting English language acquisition. Contact Maine Department of Education This document was produced at the Center for Applied Linguistics (4646 40th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016 202-362-0700) with funding from the U. The standards are essential to ensuring adult ELLs receive the focused and effective instruction they need to access states’ academic content standards for college and career readiness. Digital Literacy into English Language Instruction. 5 hours): This course is designed to support teachers new to working with adult English learners, or ELs. Unlike native English speakers in adult education programs, many adult English language learners were successful in their previous educational experiences. Some are large, multilevel programs, such as the Arlington Education and Employment Program (REEP) in Virginia, which has more than 45 staff members, over 100 volunteers, and an array of student services for the 7,500 learners served annually at the program's 7 locations. 3 Student Engagement P1. English Language Acquisition, also known as English as a Second Language (ESL) or Integrated English Literacy and Civics Education (IEL/CE), helps adult learners gain the basic and more advanced skills needed to function effectively as parents, workers, and citizens in the United States. When you understand these distinctions, you can tailor your language education to your specific needs, Jun 6, 2018 · On the other hand, second language acquisition is the acquisition of additional languages beyond the individual's first language, typically occurring in older children or adults. This research for the West Midlands Combined Authority explored how adults can be supported to progress in English language learning and how strategic partnerships can contribute to improved outcomes for learners. Effective language learning for adults involves employing a variety of strategies to cater to their unique learning styles and preferences. edu By phone: 636 The English Language Acquisition (ELA) program is for adults whose spoken native language is a language other than English. Students improve English skills while also learning about U. Popular beliefs hold that migrant children in a host society learn a second language (L2) quickly, effortlessly and with uniform outcomes, in contrast to migrant adults. ELA classes help students in the areas of speaking, reading, and writing English and give attention to both the cultural and linguistic needs of the students. Contact Maine Department of Education There is little research on adults who are learning English (referred to in this paper as adult ELLs) and also acquiring basic literacy for the first time. This paper reviews a variety of research, including that on language acquisition, literacy development in adults and children, cognition and brain functioning, adult education, and professional development. Feb 18, 2021 · One of the most important and fascinating aspects of human development is language acquisition. Phonological development is the acquisition of sounds in order to pronounce words. Adults are self-directed in their learning. What is the relationship between the ELP Standards and the CCR Standards? A4. edu By phone: 636-584-6533 or844-ECC-4AEL (844-322-4235) FREE English Language Classes East Central College’s AEL program offers FREE English Language Acquisition classes designed for anyone who wants to learn English. Instructors will welcome students to a low-stress learning environment. Who can take ELA classes? Anyone who: is 16 years old or older, is not enrolled in a high school, Disclaimer: The LINCS System is maintained under contract with CivicActions with funding from the U. with research on second language acquisition, gives guide-lines for teachers and administrators on implementing problem-based learning in classes or programs for adults learning English as a second language (ESL), and outlines the benefits and challenges of a problem-based learning approach with adult English language learners. personalized learning Combining the best of AI and language science, lessons are tailored to help you learn at just the right level and pace. Principle Goals and Purposes: The program of study will incorporate American culture, English vocabulary and grammar, and adult life skills to enable the In order to speak a language as adults do, children need to have acquired five areas of linguistic competence: Phonology, Lexis, Semantics, Grammar and Pragmatics. ) The Maine Adult Education system provides English language acquisition programming designed to help English language learners achieve competence in reading, writing, speaking, and comprehension of the English language. A. English language acquisition classes are for individuals 18 years of age and older who have a native language other than English. Resources in this section support high-quality English language acquisition instruction and program development. , 2010; Granena and Long, 2013; Han, 2013). This article delves into the differences between language acquisition in children and adults, highlighting the unique challenges and advantages each group faces. Department of Education (ED), Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education (OCTAE), under Contract No. Take our free level test to help you find your English language level, then find lessons and resources that are just right for you. Assessment C2. We’ll outline some of them here for you. These principles are informed by research on adult learning and supported by the evidence base on reading skills development, instruction for adult English learners, and adult second language acquisition. Create an account language learning in adults, much was unknown in the basic mechanism of language acquisition of elderly adults. . Six levels of classes are offered including: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. ) classes are available for adult non-native speakers of English. We ask that you read it thoroughly so that you know what to expect during your volunteer service, but know that we are always available if you have further questions. This CAELA brief draws attention to the benefits of and the support needed to implement a problem-based learning approach in the adult English language-learner classroom. The study of language acquisition provides evidence for theoretical linguistics and has practical applications in language pedagogy. The ELA program helps students improve reading, writing, speaking and listening skills from literacy to the advanced level. , Coppieters, 1987; Johnson and Newport, 1989; Johnson et al. The guide is divided into two sections: The first section is a review of the theory and research on adult learning, including factors that affect learning, such as language background, expectation, gender, learning styles and modes, age and health, and education background; the characteristics and needs of literate and non-literate learners In order to register for an English Language Acquisition (ELA) course, applicants must complete a three-step registration process: Step 1 – Register for Placement Exam Several months prior to the start of class, Morton College will announce dates on which applicants should register for a placement exam at Morton College. Feb 22, 2024 · By Edwige Simon, PhD, Online Learning and Instructional Technology Director. Adult learners use social media much as a key to learn and improve their English as a foreign language (EFL) in academics. longman. Maine DOE 23 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333-0023 Voice: (207) 624-6600 Fax: (207) 624-6700 TTY: 711 (Maine Relay 711) Language Assistance: (207) 624-6629. ED-99-CO-0008. , 2009) Drawing on principles of adult learning and English language teaching (TESOL International Association, 2023) Improving cognitive functioning (Kroll & Dussias, 2017) IELCE services are education services provided to English language learners who are adults, including professionals with degrees or credentials in their native countries, that enable such adults to achieve competency in the English language and acquire the basic and more advanced skills needed to function effectively as parents, workers, and Mar 11, 2013 · The present study reports on the motivations of adult, international learners of English, studying English 20 hours a week in a US-based Intensive English Program (IEP). Most research on basic literacy focuses on children and on adults work - ing in their native language, rather than on adults learning English as a second language. The seven-level English Language Learning program, ranging from pre-literacy to advanced, provides instruction on life skills, college and career readiness, civics, employability skills, financial for many years. Babies listen to the sounds around them, begin to imitate them, and eventually start producing words. A study was designed to test such claims by investigating the production of English grammatical morphology by 18 adult native speakers of Spanish under three different conditions of exposure to English L2: (1) Instruction Only, (2) Naturalistic, and (3) Mixed (a combination of 1 and 2). It is intended to serve as an introduction to the topic of digital literacy stakeholders; the principles of adult learning, second language acquisition, language learning pedagogy, and literacy development for adults; and instructional objectives and activities. The instructor’s main goals are: 1. Students will enter the program based on class availability, pending a valid test score on program assessments. Stages in Language Acquisition • Children acquire language in similar stages across the world • When children are acquiring language, they do not speak a degenerate form of adult language – Rather, they speak a version of the language that conforms to the set of grammatical rules they have developed at that stage of acquisition Studies of second language acquisition (SLA) focus primarily on the learning of oral language. The English Language Acquisition Standards for Adults (ELAA) that are currently in use were developed in 2007 by teams of Arizona adult educators, content experts, and State staff. This article provides a brief but concise overview of three aspects of Second Language Acquisition (SLA): learner motivation, role of interaction, role of vocabulary. To ground this paper in The Prince William County Public Schools Adult Education Program offers English Language classes for adults in Prince William County, Manassas City, and Manassas Park City. 3 Adult Teaching and Learning P1. Learning English IV 53–58 Adult English Language Learners and Learning Disabilities IV 59–64 Addressing the Needs of Specific Groups of Learners IV 65–70 Helping Adult English Language Learners Transition into Other Educational Programs IV 71–78 The English Language Learning (ELL) program offers classes for adults during the fall semester and spring semester; each semester is 16 weeks. English, with reading and writing activities building on familiar oral language. The pronunciation goals and needs of adult English language learners are diverse. adults will always be able to achieve native-like levels in a second language. options to enhance language acquisition for adult learners, the existing research mainly focuses on self-learning or general adult classes in traditional university or college settings. Common Misconceptions about Language Acquisition Introduction Language acquisition is a subject about which most people have opinions. Jan 24, 2024 · Example: Business English Learning. Gestures, realia, and images always support spoken instructions or explanations. Extrapolating from the studies of children’s language acquisition cited below, it appears that it can take several years. Department of Education (ED), Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), under Contract No. These principles are informed by research on adult learning and supported by the evidence base on reading skills development, instruction for adult English learners, and adult second language acquisition. After Welcome to the English Language Acquisition for Adults (ELAA) program of Literacy Connects! This handbook has been created to orient you to our approach and our program procedures. a wide variety of native language backgrounds. citizens that are non-native English speakers. Individuals with a Span-ish language background constitute the largest foreign- -the English language proficiency standards from the K-12 English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st century’s - state-adopted Academic Content Standards for Adult Ed, & - guiding principles of instruction for adult ELLs and English language acquisition. 1 Adult Basic Education K1. The revision of the Arizona Adult Education English Language Proficiency Standards Register for FREE English language classes Register for AEL By email: ael@eastcentral. CAELA was created to help states build their capacity to promote English language learning and academic achievement of adults learning English. After all, everyone has learned a language, many people have watched their own children learn their native language, and many have engaged in second language learning – whether successfully or not. 3 Lifelong Learning Standards K2. It is believed that humans acquire language easier as a child than as an adult. Nov 19, 2024 · The English Language Acquisition (ELA) adult program seeks to empower adult non-native English speakers in the acquisition of fluency in English Language and in American culture. Office of English Learners (OEL) The OEL has lead responsibility for English learner (EL) activities and English Language Acquisition State Grants – Title III, Part A programs and activities that will strengthen and enhance the work of the office and others in supporting and addressing services to EL students. edu copies of your academic transcript showing college-level classes taught in English (examples include Composition or Psychology), OR copies of test scores showing you meet minimum English proficiency requirements (e Abstract. Funded by the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), U. Department of Education. The following are the most pertinent to practitioners and administrators: Adult English language learners in the United States approach the learning of English pronunciation from a wide variety of native language backgrounds. The purpose of this Issue Brief is to provide teachers and administrators with a broad overview of digital literacy as it relates to adult English language learners (ELLs) in English language acquisition programs. Teaching adult second language learners. Designed for teachers and future teachers preparing to teach Jan 31, 2021 · Today social media has become part and parcel of adults’ lives. Designed for teachers and future teachers preparing to teach First-language acquisition is a universal process regardless of home language. This document was produced at the Center for Applied Linguistics (4646 40th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016 202-362-0700) with funding from the U. The Center for Adult English Language Acquisition (CAELA), housed at CAL, was created to help states build their capacity to promote English language learning and academic achievement of adults learning English. ELA classes are for refugees, immigrants (undocumented or documented), or U. Permanent residents, Canadian citizens, and refugees do not pay tuition fees. I-DEA Model of Learning of instruction for adults learning English in the United States. , Collier, 1989; Competency-based Mainstream English Language Training Resource Package, 1985). This resource reviews research that identifies best practices and trends pertaining to teaching adult English language learners (some research is not based in ESL studies). To support use and implementationof the Standards at the classroom level, this document presents the ELP Standards for AE in detail. Scenario: Introduce a Lingopie video focusing on business English. Adults have many advantages – like life experience, education, and foundational knowledge – that can add up to success in language learning. language learning. & Tom, A. (www. To ground this paper in Jan 1, 2018 · In this paper, we review all the theoretical models mentioned above to get a better understanding of how people acquire L1 and learn L2. State adult education offices can support programs in developing and distributing materials, such as for recruitment, intake, and orientation, so that all multilingual adults, regardless of English language proficiency, can Principle Goals and Purposes: The program of study will incorporate American culture, English vocabulary and grammar, and adult life skills to enable the students to carry out in English the daily life activities required of them as members of their new society. Our affordable English Language Acquisition (ELA) classes are for immigrants, refugees, or U. No appointment needed. culture. 4 Meeting Diverse Needs C1.